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Java Socket NIO

基础

NIO:Non-Blocking IO 非阻塞 IO,主要用于网络连接中非阻塞的读写,提供多路非阻塞式的高伸缩性网络 I/O 。异步 I/O 的一个优势在于,可以同时根据大量的输入和输出执行 I/O。同步程序常常需要轮询,或者创建很多线程处理大量的连接。使用异步 I/O,可以监听任何数量的通道上的事件,不用轮询也不用额外的线程。

Selector

选择器:是 Java NIO 中能够检测一到多个 NIO 通道,是多路复用器,能够监听通道是否为读写事件做好准备。因此一个单独的线程可以管理多个通道,从而管理多个网络连接。
Selector 用来支持异步 I/O 操作(非阻塞I/O操作),Channel 必须处于非阻塞模式下(因此 FileChannel, Selector 不能一起使用)。Selector 是非阻塞 I/O 的核心,所有希望采用非阻塞 I/O 进行通信的通道,都应该注册到 Selector 对象。

SelectionKey

SelectionKey 包含监听的不同类型事件:

  • OP_READ
  • OP_WRITE
  • OP_CONNECT
  • OP_ACCEPT

常用 API

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    public abstract class SelectionKey {
// 获取 channel
public abstract SelectableChannel channel();
// 获取 Selector
public abstract Selector selector();
// 获取注册的监听事件集合
public abstract int interestOps();
// 更换监听事件
public abstract SelectionKey interestOps(int ops);
// 获取已经 ready 了的事件集合
public abstract int readyOps();
// 取消监听的事件
public abstract void cancel();
// 判断事件
public final boolean isReadable() {...}
public final boolean isWritable() {...}
public final boolean isConnectable() {...}
public final boolean isAcceptable() {...}
// 添加附加对象
public final Object attach(Object ob) {...}
// 获取附件对象
public final Object attachment() {...}
}

常用 API

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    public abstract class Selector implements Closeable {
// 创建 Selector
public static Selector open() throws IOException {...}
public abstract boolean isOpen();

// 返回所有的注册事件集
public abstract Set<SelectionKey> keys();
// 返回 select 已经就绪的注册事件集
public abstract Set<SelectionKey> selectedKeys();

// 非阻塞,如果监听事件没准备好立即返回 0
public abstract int selectNow() throws IOException;
// 阻塞等待直到注册事件准备好,返回监听的事件
public abstract int select(long timeout) throws IOException;
public abstract int select() throws IOException;

// 如果 select 阻塞了,直接唤醒 select 立马返回
public abstract Selector wakeup();
// 关闭
public abstract void close() throws IOException;
}

SelectableChannel 支持选择器的通道

表示可以支持多路复用的通道,支持阻塞和非阻塞模式。(默认情况下,所有的 Channel 都是阻塞的),需要设置为非阻塞模式,才能使用 NIO 特性。

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public abstract class SelectableChannel
extends AbstractInterruptibleChannel
implements Channel {
// false 表示设置为非阻塞模式
public abstract SelectableChannel configureBlocking(boolean block)
throws IOException;
// 判断是否为阻塞模式
public abstract boolean isBlocking();
// 注册选择器
public abstract SelectionKey register(Selector sel, int ops, Object att)
throws ClosedChannelException;
public final SelectionKey register(Selector sel, int ops)
throws ClosedChannelException {...}
// 通道是否注册一个或多个选择器
public abstract boolean isRegistered();
// 返回通道和该选择器的注册关系
public abstract SelectionKey keyFor(Selector sel);
}

注册通道

通道必须处于非阻塞模式,可以监听多个事件。

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channel.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, Selectionkey.OP_READ);
// 监听多个事件
int interestSet = SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE;
SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, interestSet);

参考示例

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Selector selector = Selector.open();
channel.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
while(true) {
int readyChannels = selector.select();
if(readyChannels == 0) continue;
Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
Iterator keyIterator = selectedKeys.iterator();
while(keyIterator.hasNext()) {
SelectionKey key = keyIterator.next();
if(key.isAcceptable()) {
// a connection was accepted by a ServerSocketChannel.
} else if (key.isConnectable()) {
// a connection was established with a remote server.
} else if (key.isReadable()) {
// a channel is ready for reading
} else if (key.isWritable()) {
// a channel is ready for writing
}
keyIterator.remove();
}
}

SocketChannel

对应于 java.net.Socket 类。

创建 SocketChannel

默认创建一个阻塞 SocketChannel,两种方法的差异:

  • open()
    后续还需要手动配置为非阻塞后,监听连接事件。
  • open(SocketAddress remote)
    创建并同步等待连接 remote,直到连接成功后返回。不需要再手动连接。

支持的非阻塞事件

  • OP_CONNECT
  • OP_READ
  • OP_WRITE

不支持 Accept 事件

常见 API

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public abstract class SocketChannel
extends AbstractSelectableChannel
implements ByteChannel, ScatteringByteChannel,
GatheringByteChannel, NetworkChannel {
// 创建 SocketChannel
public static SocketChannel open() throws IOException {...}
// 创建 SocketChannel ,同步等待连接 remote
public static SocketChannel open(SocketAddress remote)
throws IOException;

// 绑定
public abstract SocketChannel bind(SocketAddress local)
throws IOException;
// 连接,非阻塞模式会直接返回连接结果;阻塞模式会等待直到连接成功
public abstract boolean connect(SocketAddress remote) throws IOException;
// 完成连接,非阻塞模式直接返回连接是否完成;阻塞模式会等待直到连接完成
public abstract boolean finishConnect() throws IOException;
// 当前通道是否已经连接
public abstract boolean isConnected();
// 当前通道是否正在连接,一般是第一次连接后调用
// 用来判断是否正在连接,并接着调用 finishConnect
public abstract boolean isConnectionPending();
// 设置 socket 选项
public abstract <T> SocketChannel setOption(SocketOption<T> name, T value)
throws IOException;

// 获取当前 socket
public abstract Socket socket();
// 获取源地址和端口,目标地址和端口
public abstract SocketAddress getRemoteAddress() throws IOException;
public abstract SocketAddress getLocalAddress() throws IOException;

// 通道读写缓存
public abstract int read(ByteBuffer dst) throws IOException;
public abstract long read(ByteBuffer[] dsts, int offset, int length)
throws IOException;
public final long read(ByteBuffer[] dsts) throws IOException {...}
public abstract int write(ByteBuffer src) throws IOException;
public abstract long write(ByteBuffer[] srcs, int offset, int length)
throws IOException;
public final long write(ByteBuffer[] srcs) throws IOException {...}

// 返回支持的 SelectionKey 事件
public final int validOps() {...}

// 关闭通道的读功能
public abstract SocketChannel shutdownInput() throws IOException;
// 关闭通道的写功能
public abstract SocketChannel shutdownOutput() throws IOException;
}

ServerSocketChannel

对应于 java.net.ServerSocket 类。

创建 ServerSocketChannel

创建 ServerSocketChannel 也很简单:ServerSocketChannel server = ServerSocketChannel.open();

支持的非阻塞事件

仅支持 OP_ACCEPT 事件。

常见 API

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public abstract class ServerSocketChannel
extends AbstractSelectableChannel
implements NetworkChannel {
// 创建 ServerSocketChannel
public static ServerSocketChannel open() throws IOException {...}
// 返回支持的事件
public final int validOps() {...}
// 绑定
public final ServerSocketChannel bind(SocketAddress local)
throws IOException{...}
public abstract ServerSocketChannel bind(SocketAddress local, int backlog)
throws IOException;
// 设置 socket 选项
public abstract <T> ServerSocketChannel setOption(SocketOption<T> name, T value)
throws IOException;
// 获取当前 socket
public abstract ServerSocket socket();
// 监听连接,非阻塞模式下立即返回
public abstract SocketChannel accept() throws IOException;
// 获取源地址和端口
public abstract SocketAddress getLocalAddress() throws IOException;
}

客户端和服务端 TCP 通信流程

整个通信流程参考 TCP 通信流程,只是实现方式不一样。本例实现一个聊天室功能。

服务端初始化

  • 创建 Selector
    public static Selector open() throws IOException;,创建选择器。
  • 创建 ServerSocketChannel
    public static ServerSocketChannel open() throws IOException;,创建服务端通道,并配置为非阻塞。
  • 绑定 bind
    public final ServerSocketChannel bind(SocketAddress local){...},绑定指定地址和端口。
  • 注册 Accept 事件
    serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);,注册后服务端选择器开始监听客户端的连接。

服务端轮询监听并处理事件

selector.select(),阻塞等待。监听客户端的连接及输入,从这里可以看出 nio 并不完全是异步,还是会有阻塞。

客户端初始化

  • 创建 Selector
    public static Selector open() throws IOException;,创建选择器。
  • 创建 SocketChannel
    public static SocketChannel open() throws IOException;,创建客户端通道,并配置为非阻塞。
  • 注册 Connect 事件
    socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);,注册事件后准备连接。
  • 连接 connect
    public abstract boolean connect(SocketAddress remote) throws IOException;,连接服务器。

客户端轮询监听并处理事件

selector.select(),阻塞等待。监听服务端反馈和输入。

数据通信

  • 服务端接受连接后监听客户端写入
    服务端接受客户端连接后,拿到客户端 SocketChannel,并同步注册 Read 事件,监听客户端输入。通过该通道读写缓冲区实现数据通信。
  • 客户端监听服务端发送的消息
    客户端接受到服务端连接响应后,客户端 SocketChannel 注册 Read 事件,监听该通道来自服务端的输入。

服务端和客户端关闭

客户端和服务端分别关闭 Selector, ServerSocketChannel, SocketChannel

服务端存在的问题:客户端的 SocketChannel 关闭后,服务端此通道并没有断开连接,并且该通道注册到选择器的读事件,会被反复触发。也就是说服务端 select 一直都会返回 OP_READ,但是通道中读入缓冲区的数据实际总是为 -1,即并没有数据。为什么会反复触发?

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// 服务端打印信息,服务端 10000,客户端 62676
client: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:10000
remote=/127.0.0.1:62676]
client.isOpen(): true
client.isConnected(): true
client.isConnectionPending(): false
client.isRegistered(): true
// 1 表示为 OP_READ 事件
client.keyFor(selector).interestOps(): 1
client.keyFor(selector).readyOps(): 1
// 通道读入缓冲区实际值为 -1,即没有数据
count: -1

TCP 通信示例

本例实现一个聊天室功能。

服务端

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public class TestNIOTCPServer {

// private static final String HOST_NAME = "127.0.0.1";
private static final int PORT = 10000;
private static final int BUFF_CAP = 1024;

private Selector selector = null;
private ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = null;
// 输入信息编解码器
private Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
// 接收信息缓冲区
private ByteBuffer rBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(BUFF_CAP);

/**
* 服务端通道和选择器初始化,绑定端口,配置为非阻塞,并开启监听连接
* @throws IOException
*/
private void init() throws IOException{
selector = Selector.open();
serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
InetSocketAddress localAddress = new InetSocketAddress(PORT);
serverSocketChannel.bind(localAddress);
serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
System.out.println("server start on port: " + PORT);
}

/**
* 服务器轮询监听通道,select 会阻塞直到监听到事件
*/
private void listen(){
System.out.println("listen...");
try {
while (selector.select() > 0){
for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selector.selectedKeys()){
handleSelectorKey(selectionKey);
}
// 清空已经处理的事件
selector.selectedKeys().clear();
}
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
if (serverSocketChannel != null) {
serverSocketChannel.close();
}
if (selector != null){
selector.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

/**
* 处理接收到的事件
* @param selectionKey: 接收到的事件
* @throws IOException
*/
private void handleSelectorKey (SelectionKey selectionKey) throws IOException {
System.out.println("handleSelectorKey, key = " + selectionKey.readyOps());
if (selectionKey.isAcceptable()){
// 选择器监听到客户端连接
SocketChannel client = serverSocketChannel.accept();
client.configureBlocking(false);
// 接收客户端连接后,客户端注册通道读事件
client.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
System.out.println(client.getRemoteAddress() + " connected.");
}
if (selectionKey.isReadable()){
// 选择器监听到客户端通道写入
SocketChannel client = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
rBuffer.clear();
int count = 0;

// System.out.println("client: " + client.toString());
// System.out.println("opened: " + client.isOpen());
// System.out.println("connected: " + client.isConnected());
// System.out.println("connectionPending: " + client.isConnectionPending());
// System.out.println("isRegistered: " + client.isRegistered());
// System.out.println("interest keys: " + client.keyFor(selector).interestOps());
// System.out.println("ready keys: " + client.keyFor(selector).readyOps());

try {
// 通道读入缓冲区
while ((count = client.read(rBuffer)) > 0){
rBuffer.flip();
builder.append(charset.decode(rBuffer));
}
System.out.println(client.toString() + ":" + builder);
if (count < 0){
// 当客户端退出时,服务端的 socket 通道仍然打开并处于连接状态
// 服务端的 select 一直会被触发,但是读取的结果一直是 -1
// 所以可以认为此时客户端已经断开,读取结束后关闭通道,使 key 失效
System.out.println(client.toString() + " has been closed.");
selectionKey.cancel();
if (client != null){
client.close();
}
}
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
// 读取异常,可能是客户端已经断开连接,关闭该通道
System.out.println(client.toString() + " disconnected.");
selectionKey.cancel();
if (client != null){
client.close();
}
}
if (builder.length() > 0){
dispatchInfoToAllClient(client, builder.toString());
}
}
}

/**
* 当前客户端输入信息,广播到其他客户端
* @param client: 接收到输入信息的当前客户端
* @param info: 接收到的信息
* @throws IOException: 其他客户端写入异常
*/
private void dispatchInfoToAllClient(SocketChannel client, String info) throws IOException {
// System.out.println("dispatchInfoToAllClient, info = " + info);
String name = "[" + client.getRemoteAddress() + "-" + client.hashCode() + "]";
for (SelectionKey key : selector.keys()){
Channel targetChannel = key.channel();
if (targetChannel instanceof SocketChannel){
SocketChannel dest = (SocketChannel) targetChannel;
if (!client.equals(dest)) {
// 通道写入缓冲区
dest.write(charset.encode(name + ":" + info));
}
}
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
TestNIOTCPServer server = new TestNIOTCPServer();
server.init();
server.listen();
}
}

客户端

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public class TestNIOTCPClient {

private static final String HOST_NAME = "127.0.0.1";
// private static final String HOST_NAME = "10.20.6.25";
private static final int PORT = 10000;
private static final int BUFF_CAP = 1024;

private Selector selector = null;
private SocketChannel client = null;
// 通道读写信息编解码器
private Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");

// 缓冲区,读取服务端写入的信息
ByteBuffer rBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(BUFF_CAP);
private volatile boolean isQuit = false;

/**
* 客户端通道,选择器初始化,连接到指定服务器,并监听连接事件
* 开启后台线程读取屏幕输入信息,写入服务器
* @throws IOException
*/
private void init() throws IOException {
selector = Selector.open();
client = SocketChannel.open();
client.configureBlocking(false);
client.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
InetSocketAddress remote = new InetSocketAddress(HOST_NAME, PORT);
client.connect(remote);

// 开启线程读取客户端输入
ReadThread readThread = new ReadThread();
readThread.setDaemon(true);
readThread.start();
}

/**
* 客户端轮询监听通道,当事件到达后处理事件
* 如果输入 exit/quit ,客户端退出
*/
private void listen(){
try {
while (selector.select() > 0 && !isQuit){
for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selector.selectedKeys()){
handleSelectionKey(selectionKey);
}
selector.selectedKeys().clear();
}
System.out.println("listen: quit...");
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
if (selector != null){
System.out.println("close selector");
selector.close();
}
if (client != null){
System.out.println("close client");
client.close();
}
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

/**
* 处理监听到的事件
* @param selectionKey
* @throws IOException
*/
private void handleSelectionKey(SelectionKey selectionKey) throws IOException {
if (selectionKey.isConnectable()){
// SocketChannel client = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
System.out.println("connected: " + client.isConnected());
System.out.println("connectionPending: " + client.isConnectionPending());
if (client.isConnectionPending()){
client.finishConnect();
System.out.println("connected: " + client.getRemoteAddress());

// 客户端连接成功后,注册通道读事件,读取从服务端写入的数据
client.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
}
}
if (selectionKey.isReadable()){
// 选择器监听到服务端写入事件,读取后显示在客户端
//SocketChannel client = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
rBuffer.clear();
while (client.read(rBuffer) > 0){
rBuffer.flip();
builder.append(charset.decode(rBuffer));
}
System.out.println(builder);
}
}

/**
* 读取屏幕输入的线程
*/
private class ReadThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
try {
while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
String line = scanner.nextLine();
if (isQuited(line)) {
scanner.close();
isQuit = true;
selector.wakeup();
break;
} else {
client.write(charset.encode(line));
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

/**
* 判断是否退出
* @param value
* @return
*/
private boolean isQuited(String value) {
value = value.trim();
return value.equalsIgnoreCase("quit")
|| value.equalsIgnoreCase("exit");
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
TestNIOTCPClient client = new TestNIOTCPClient();
client.init();
client.listen();
}
}

DatagramChannel

[todo]
http://ifeve.com/datagram-channel/
http://blog.csdn.net/foart/article/details/47608475
http://www.365mini.com/page/java-nio-course-27.htm
网络编程第四版-425

参考文档

  1. Java NIO系列教程
  2. java nio SocketChannel 服务器端与多客户端信息交互(聊天功能)
  3. 疯狂 Java 讲义